ARE GABRA5 MEMBRANE RECEPTORS MOLECULAR TARGETS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF GLIOMAS? / RECEPTORES DE MEMBRANA GABRA5 SÃO ALVOS MOLECULARES NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE GLIOMAS?

Introduction: Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. The majority are formed by glioblastomas, with high degrees of proliferation and invasion, with biological heterogeneity and little response to current treatments. Immunotherapy and genetherapy have not shown efficacy and, therefore, it is necessary to seek knowledge of new molecules and genes involved in their carcinogenesis. Objectives: To evaluate whether the alpha 5 gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABRA5) is a potential therapeutic target or biomarker for gliomas of different subgroups, and the correlation between GABRA5 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels and overall survival. Methods: Integrative review carried out on virtual platforms in Portuguese and English, carried out using descriptors related to the topic, described in DeCS as "glioma, central nervous system, glioblastoma, GABA, GABRA5" with AND or OR search, initially considering the title and/or summary. Afterwards, in those that were most related to the topic, the texts were read in full. Results: 36 articles were included. Conclusion: GABRA5 mRNA levels in glioma samples from all histological subgroups are lower compared to control. No correlation was observed between GABRA5 mRNA levels and overall survival in the evaluated subgroups.

Introdução: Gliomas são os tumores primários mais comuns do sistema nervoso central e a maioria é formada por glioblastomas, com graus elevados de proliferação e invasão, com heterogeneidade biológica e pouca resposta aos tratamentos atuais. Imunoterapia e geneterapia não têm mostrado eficácia e, por isso, é necessário buscar conhecimento de novas moléculas e genes envolvidos na sua carcinogênese. Objetivos: Avaliar se o receptor do ácido gama-aminobutírico alfa 5 (GABRA5) é potencial alvo terapêutico ou biomarcador para gliomas de diferentes subgrupos, e a correlação entre os níveis de ácido ribonucleico mensageiro (mRNA) de GABRA5 com a sobrevida global. Métodos: Revisão integrativa feita em plataformas virtuais, em português e inglês, realizada por descritores relacionados ao tema, descritos no DeCS como "glioma, sistema nervoso central, glioblastoma" com busca AND ou OR, considerando-se inicialmente o título e/ou resumo. Após, naqueles que tinham maior relação ao tema, foi realizada a leitura na íntegra dos textos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 36 artigos. Conclusão: Os níveis de mRNA de GABRA5 em amostras de gliomas de todos os subgrupos histológicos são menores, em comparação ao controle. Não foi observada correlação entre os níveis de mRNA de GABRA5 com a sobrevida global dos subgrupos avaliados.

Asymmetry of the anterior ethmoidal artery in relation to the anterior skull base: a population-based study of 500 arteries.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze variability in the distance between the Anterior Ethmoidal Artery (AEA) and the anterior Skull Base (SB), as well as the frequency of lateral asymmetry in a Latin American population using computed tomography. METHODS: A total of 250 computed tomography scans of paranasal sinuses in coronal reconstruction (500 AEAs) were analyzed. After determining the image with the best anatomical view of the artery, the distance between its midpoint and the ethmoidal roof was measured, and the images were independently interpreted by 2 physicians. RESULTS: Of the 500 AEAs, 279 (55.8%) adhered to or passed through the SB at a distance of 0mm. A total of 221 AEAs (44.2%) were at some distance from the SB, of which 107 (48.4%) were on the right side, ranging from 1.18 to 6.75mm, and 114 (51.5%) were on the left side, ranging from 1.15 to 6.04mm. The overall mean distance between the AEA and SB was 1.22 (SD=1.57) mm, increasing to 2.77 (SD=1.14) when the arteries adhered to the SB were excluded. Seventy-six individuals (30.4%) had a lateral distance variation > 1mm. CONCLUSION: Our study includes the largest sample of AEA analyzed with computed tomography scans of paranasal sinuses. There was some distance between the AEA and SB in almost half the patients, and we found a high rate of lateral variability >1mm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.

Anatomical Organization of the Amygdala: A Brief Visual Review.

The amygdala consists of a collection of nuclei that are deep within the medial temporal lobe. Despite its small size, the amygdala is one of the most densely connected structures in the brain, and it plays a role in many superior neural functions, including neurovegetative control, motor control, memory processing, and neuromodulation. Advances in neuroimaging technology for examining brain activity have opened up new ways of understanding the functional contribution of this structure to emotions, learning, and related memories. Many studies have shown that the amygdala plays a key role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders, depression, aggression, and temporal epilepsy. This article reviews the anatomical structure of the amygdaloid complex and the connectivity among its subdivisions and with other brain structures, which will serve as a basis for understanding the clinical correlations.

CD114 MEMBRANE RECEPTORS CAN HELP IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MOLECULAR MORTALITY IN MEDULOBLASTOMAS? / RECEPTORES DE MEMBRANA CD114 PODEM AUXILIAR NA AVALIAÇÃO DA MORTALIDADE MOLECULAR EM MEDULOBLASTOMAS?

Introduction: Medulloblastomas are the most common solid tumors of childhood and many studies seek to develop new chemotherapy drugs by identifying genes whose expression is new molecular targets for drugs, such as membrane receptors associated with cell replication. Objective: To review existing knowledge about the association of CD114 expression with mortality in medulloblastoma. Method: Narrative review collecting information with material for reading and analysis selected from research on virtual platforms (SciELO, Pubmed and Scopus). Initially, a search was carried out for descriptors related to the topic, which were identified through MESH using the following terms: "neurosurgery, surgical oncology, molecular targeted therapy, medulloblastoma" with AND or OR search, considering the title and/or abstract. After, the search was carried out, the title and abstract were analyzed and those that could be included were read in full. Results: 23 articles were included. Conclusion: There is no direct relationship between the expression of the CD114 membrane receptor and mortality in patients with medulloblastoma, and additional studies should be carried out on the intracellular signaling pathways associated with this receptor and its gene, CSF3R

Introdução: Meduloblastomas são os tumores sólidos mais comuns da infância e muitos estudos buscam desenvolvimento de novos quimioterápicos com a identificação de genes cuja expressão sejam novos alvos moleculares para drogas, como receptores de membrana associados à replicação celular. Objetivo: Revisar o cohecimento existente sobre a associação da expressão de CD114 com a mortalidade no meduloblastoma. Método: Revisão narrativa colhendo informações com o material para leitura e análise selecionado a partir de pesquisa em plataformas virtuais (SciELO, Pubmed e Scopus). Inicialmente foi realizada busca por descritores relacionados ao tema, os quais foram identificados por meio do DeCS utilizando os seguintes termos: "neurocirurgia, oncologia cirúrgica, terapia de alvo molecular, meduloblastoma" " e seus equivalentes em inglês  "neurosurgery, surgical oncology, molecular targeted therapy, medulloblastoma" com busca AND ou OR, considerando o título e/ou resumo. Feita a busca, foi realizada análise do título, resumo e lidos na íntegra aqueles que poderiam ser incluídos.  Resultados: Foram incluídos 23 artigos. Conclusão: Não há relação direta entre a expressão do receptor de membrana CD114 e a mortalidade em pacientes portadores de meduloblastoma e estudos adicionais devem ser feitos sobre as vias de sinalização intracelulares associadas a esse receptor e ao seu gene, o CSF3R.

CAN TELEMEDICINE BE AS RELIABLE AS CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE WHEN USED IN UNIFIED HEALTH SYSTEM - SUS? / A TELEMEDICINA PODE SER TÃO CONFIÁVEL QUANTO A MEDICINA CONVENCIONAL QUANDO USADA NO SISTEMA ÚNICO DE SAÚDE - SUS?

Introduction: Telemedicine, when applied to neurology, allows for better diagnosis and more specific and appropriate procedures, as well as an outcome with a great reduction in costs due to the absence of the need for unnecessary referrals. Objective: To present the tactical and technical evolution of the implementation of the information age in remote care in neurology, that is, teleneurology. Method: Collection of information and data existing in Brazilian legislation on the subject, in virtual bookstores and publishers, and on virtual platforms searched for related descriptors, which were identified through Mesh using the following terms: "Referrals. Unified Health System. SUS. Telemedicine. Teleneurology" with AND or OR search, considering the title and/or abstract. Results: The search included laws and 58 articles, which, after analyzing the title, summary and considering their suitability, were read in full by 2 of the authors. Conclusion: The potential of teleneurology is promising, acting in reducing healthcare costs, hospitalization services and expanding multidisciplinary communication between different providers, as it can include virtual consultations through videoconferencing, the transmission of exams and medical images, monitoring vital signs and other clinical data giving healthcare professionals the opportunity to assess and treat patients remotely.

Introdução: A telemedicina quando aplicada à neurologia, possibilita melhor diagnóstico e condutas mais específicas e adequadas, bem como desfecho com grande diminuição de custos pela não necessidade de encaminhamentos desnecessários. Objetivos: Apresentar a evolução tática e técnica da implantação da era da informação no atendimento à distância em neurologia, ou seja, a teleneurologia. Método: Coleta de informações e dados existentes na legislação brasileira sobre o tema, em livrarias e editoras virtuais, e em plataformas virtuais buscada por descritores relacionados, os quais foram identificados por meio do DeCS utilizando os seguintes termos: "Encaminhamentos. Sistema Único de Saúde. SUS. Telemedicina. Teleneurologia" e seus equivalentes em inglês "Brazilian Unified Health System. SUS. Referrals. Telemedicine. Teleneurology" com busca AND ou OR, considerando o título e/ou resumo. Resultados: A busca incluiu 58 artigos, que após análise do título, resumo e vista sua adequação foram lidos na íntegra por 2 dos autores. Conclusão: O potencial da teleneurologia é promissor, atuando na redução de custos de saúde, serviços de hospitalização e ampliação da comunicação multidisciplinar entre diferentes provedores, uma vez que pode incluir as consultas virtuais por meio de videoconferência, a transmissão de exames e imagens médicas, a monitorização de sinais vitais e outros dados clínicos dando aos profissionais de saúde oportunidade de avaliar e tratar os pacientes de maneira remota.

IMPACT OF USING TELENEUROLOGY ON REDUCING REFERRALS IN THE SINGLE HEALTH SYSTEM / IMPACTO DA UTILIZAÇÃO DA TELENEUROLOGIA NA REDUÇÃO DE ENCAMINHAMENTOS NO SISTEMA ÚNICO DE SAÚDE

Introdução : A telemedicina, quando aplicada à neurologia, permite melhores diagnósticos e procedimentos mais específicos e adequados, além de resultado altamente econômico pela redução de encaminhamentos desnecessários. Objetivos : Analisar o impacto do uso da teleneurologia na redução de encaminhamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e verificar as variáveis ​​associadas que impactaram nos encaminhamentos. Método : Pesquisa documental, quantitativa, descritiva e transversal, realizada a partir de informações contidas em um banco de dados, construído a partir de serviços incluídos em uma plataforma que presta serviços de teleneurologia no Brasil. A análise foi realizada para examinar a relação entre a variável dependente binária (encaminhamento de emergência) e um conjunto de cinco variáveis ​​independentes (idade, sexo, unidade de tratamento, história clínica e resultados tomográficos). Resultados : O estudo compreendeu 2.165 prontuários de pacientes que necessitaram de atendimento neurológico via telemedicina entre abril de 2019 e outubro de 2022. Após análise, observou-se que o modelo de regressão logística foi estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05) para a unidade de saúde. tratamento, história clínica e resultados tomográficos, indicando que essas variáveis ​​estavam relacionadas à probabilidade de encaminhamento de emergência. Ao examinar os coeficientes estimados nas unidades assistenciais, a chance de ser encaminhado via emergência foi 0,59 vezes maior quando internado do que no SAMU, ou seja, quem está internado tem 41,01% menos chances de ser encaminhado via emergência. Porém, quem está na UPA tem 39,17% menos probabilidade de ser encaminhado via urgência do que no SAMU. Conclusão : A abordagem inovadora do atendimento proporcionou maior eficiência diagnóstica e orientação terapêutica, resultando em economia substancial para o SUS.

Introdução : A telemedicina quando aplicada à neurologia possibilita melhor diagnóstico e condutas mais específicas e específicas, bem como avançado com grande economicidade devido à diminuição de encaminhamentos desnecessários. Objetivos : Analisar o impacto do uso da teleneurologia na redução de encaminhamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e verificar as variáveis ​​associadas que impactaram no encaminhamento. Método : Pesquisa documental, quantitativa, descritiva e transversal, que foi realizada a partir da utilização de informações contidas em banco de dados, construído de atendimentos incluídos na plataforma que presta serviços de teleneurologia no Brasil. Foi realizada análise para examinar a relação entre a variável dependente binária (encaminhamento via emergência) e um conjunto de cinco variáveis ​​independentes (idade, sexo, unidade de tratamento, história clínica e resultado da tomografia). Resultados : O estudo compreendeu 2.165 prontuários de pacientes que demandaram atendimento neurológico via telemedicina entre abril de 2019 e outubro de 2022. Após a análise, observou-se que o modelo de regressão logística foi estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05) para unidade de tratamento, história clínica e resultado da tomografia, diminuíram que essas variáveis ​​estavam relacionadas à probabilidade de encaminhamento emergencial. Ao examinar os coeficientes estimados nas unidades de atendimento, a chance de ter encaminhamento via emergencial foi 0,59 vezes maior estando no hospital do que no SAMU, ou seja, quem está no hospital tem 41,01% menos chances de ser encaminhado via emergencial . Porém, quem está na UPA tem 39,17% menos chances de ser encaminhado via emergencial do que no SAMU. Conclusão : Uma abordagem inovadora de atendimento proporcionou maior eficiência diagnóstica e orientação terapêutica, resultando em economia substancial ao SUS.

Identification of CD114 Membrane Receptors as a Molecular Target in Medulloblastomas.

Medulloblastomas are the most common solid tumors in children, accounting for 8-30% of pediatric brain cancers. It is a high-grade tumor with aggressive behavior and a typically b poor prognosis. Its treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, and presents high morbidity. Significant clinical, genetic, and prognostic differences exist between its four molecular subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Many studies seek to develop new chemotherapeutic agents for medulloblastomas through the identification of genes whose expressions are new molecular targets for drugs, such as membrane receptors associated with cell replication. This study aimed to assess the association of CD114 expression with mortality in patients with medulloblastoma. Databases from the Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium (MAGIC) were analyzed, focusing on the expression of the CD114 membrane receptor in different molecular types and its possible association with mortality. Our findings showed different CD114 expressions between Group 3 and other molecular groups, as well as between the molecular subtypes SHH γ and Group 3 α and Group 3 ß. There was no statistically significant difference between the other groups and subtypes. Regarding mortality, this study did not find statistical significance in the association between low and high CD114 expressions and mortality. Medulloblastoma is a heterogeneous disease with many subtype variations of its genetic and intracellular signaling pathways. Similarly to this study, which could not demonstrate different CD114 membrane receptor expression patterns between groups, others who sought to associate CD114 expression with mortality in other types of cancer failed to establish a direct association. Since many indications point to the relation of this gene with cancer stem cells (CSCs), it may be part of a more extensive cellular signaling pathway with an eventual association with tumor recurrence. This study found no direct relationship between CD114 expression and mortality in patients with medulloblastoma. Further studies are needed on the intracellular signaling pathways associated with this receptor and its gene (the CSF3R).

Prolong intermittent injection of human parathyroid hormone in rats modulates the expression of several proteins in the neuropil of the cerebellar cortex.

INTRODUCTION: The intermittent use of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (iPTH) alters calcium metabolism and induces osteogenesis in experimental models. However, the real effects of iPTH in excitable cells and neurons that require membrane receptors to undergo membrane depolarization/repolarization (Na+K+ATPase) to generate ATP, voltage-gated calcium channel (calcium-IP3R-calponin) as well as GABAergic (GABAA) signaling remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the expression of IP3R, Na+K+-ATPase, GABAA and calmodulin proteins were evaluated in histological sections of the cerebellum of rats following prolonged injection of iPTH. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were used in this study and randomly assigned as either or control group. The test group were subcutaneously injected with 20 µg/kg of iPTH, 3×/week for 8 weeks, while the control group received 1 ml/kg of 0.9% saline solution. The rats were euthanized on the 60th day after the first administration, and their cerebellar vermis was removed and submitted to histological and immunohistochemical evaluation for detection of IP3R, Na+K+-ATPase, GABAA and calmodulin proteins. The expression of proteins was evaluated in the areas corresponding to the Purkinje cells as well as in neuropil of molecular layer of cerebellum. All results were transformed into a percentage for each area analyzed to verify significance between groups. RESULTS: Rats that received iPTH demonstrated significant reduction of IP3R, calmodulin and GABAA in Purkinje cells and neuropil of molecular layer while the expression of Na+K+-ATPase was similar. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that iPTH decreased the expression of IP3R and calmodulin while it did not alter the expression of Na+K+-ATPase. These changes insinuate the ionic activity of calcium and sodium/potassium. Yet, the iPTH alters GABAergic signaling in Purkinje cells, suggesting neurotransmission activity changes in the cerebellum.

As artérias lenticuloestriadas podem interferir na extensão da ressecção tumoral e sobrevida nos gliomas da ínsula? / Can lenticulostriated arteries interfere with the extent of tumor resection and survival in insula gliomas?

Introdução: Os gliomas são tumores encefálicos e da medula espinhal que se originam nas células gliais e cuja progressão invade o tecido cerebral adjacentee e dentre eles um dos mais desafiadores são localizados no lobo cerebral da ínsula. Estas artérias irrigam estruturas nobres e sua lesão pode produzir danos sensitivos, motores e de linguagem. Objetivo: Descrever o impacto da extensão da ressecção, sobrevida global e dos resultados funcionais após a cirurgia dos gliomas insulares, quando estes tumores estejam ou não envolvidos pelas artérias lenticuloestriadas. Métodos: Revisão integrativa nas plataformas virtuais em português e inglês, buscando AND ou OR dados através dos seguintes descritores "Gliomas da ínsula, Mapeamento cerebral, Artérias lenticuloestriadas". A busca inicial foi baseada no título e/ou resumo. Decididos os trabalhos incluíveis foi realizada a leitura na íntegra dos textos. Ao total foram estudados 55 artigos. Resultados: O lobo da ínsula fica "escondido" pela sobreposição dos lobos frontal, parietal e temporal. Para alcançá-lo pode-se realizar as abordagens transsilviana ou transcortical. Ocorre que ao chegar na ínsula visualiza-se significativa ramificação constituída pelas artérias lenticuloestriadas, cuja manipulação pode determinar déficit neurológico e, ao se aprofundar no córtex insular, depara-se com outras estruturas tão importantes quanto a própria ínsula. O conhecimento anatômico das artérias lenticuloestriadas e suas relações é de fundamental importância para a ressecção de glioma insular, pois o comprometimento delas e da artéria cerebral média podem determinar a isquemia dos núcleos da base e da cápsula interna. Conclusão: O tratamento dos gliomas insulares permanece como grande desafio. Devido à sua localização e possibilidade de desenvolvimento de déficits neurológicos na manipulação cirúrgica é necessário não somente conhecer sua localização topográfica, mas também a íntima relação vascular com as artérias lenticuloestriadas. O envolvimento delas pelo tumor possui implicações na sobrevida e na preservação da função neurológica. O conhecimento detalhado da anatomia da região é fundamental para diminuir complicações que afetem grandemente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Introduction: Gliomas are brain and spinal cord tumors that originate in glial cells and whose progression invades the adjacent brain tissue and among them one of the most challenging are located in the cerebral lobe of the insula. These arteries supply noble structures and their damage can cause sensory, motor and language damage. Objective: To describe the impact of the extent of resection, overall survival and functional results after surgery for insular gliomas, when these tumors are or are not involved by lenticulostriate arteries. Methods: Integrative review on virtual platforms in Portuguese and English, searching for AND or OR data using the following descriptors "Insula gliomas, Brain mapping, Lenticulostriate arteries". The initial search was based on the title and/or abstract. Once the included works were decided, the texts were read in full. In total, 55 articles were studied. Results: The insula lobe is "hidden" by the overlap of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. To achieve this, transsylvian or transcortical approaches can be performed. It turns out that when arriving at the insula, a significant branch made up of lenticulostriate arteries is seen, the manipulation of which can cause neurological deficits and, when going deeper into the insular cortex, one comes across other structures as important as the insula itself. Anatomical knowledge of the lenticulostriate arteries and their relationships is of fundamental importance for the resection of insular glioma, as their involvement and that of the middle cerebral artery can determine ischemia of the basal ganglia and internal capsule. Conclusion: The treatment of insular gliomas remains a major challenge. Due to its location and the possibility of developing neurological deficits during surgical manipulation, it is necessary not only to know its topographic location, but also the intimate vascular relationship with the lenticulostriate arteries. Their involvement by the tumor has implications for survival and preservation of neurological function. Detailed knowledge of the region's anatomy is essential to reduce complications that greatly affect patients' quality of life.

É possível prever a mortalidade molecular em meduloblastomas pela análise dos receptores de membrana CD114? / Is it possible to predict molecular mortality in meduloblastomas by analysis of CD114 membrane receptors?

Introdução: Os meduloblastomas são os tumores sólidos mais comuns da infância e classificados em 4 subgrupos moleculares: WNT, SHH, grupo 3 e grupo 4. Muitos estudos buscam desenvolvimento de novos quimioterápicos para os meduloblastomas através da identificação de genes cuja expressão sejam novos alvos moleculares para drogas, como receptores de membrana associados a replicação celular. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da expressão de CD114 com a mortalidade de pacientes portadores de meduloblastoma. Métodos: Revisão feita colhendo informações publicadas em plataformas virtuais em português e inglês. Inicialmente foi realizada busca por descritores relacionados ao tema - neurocirurgia, oncologia cirúrgica, terapia de alvo molecular e meduloblastoma - e seus equivalentes em inglês - neurosurgery, surgical oncology, molecular targeted therapy e medulloblastoma - com busca AND ou OR, considerando o título e/ou resumo. Após, foram incluídos somente os que tinham maior relação ao tema, e realizada a leitura da íntegra dos textos. Finalmente foram referidos 2 artigos. Resultados: Há diferença na expressão do receptor de membrana CD114 entre o Grupo 3 e os demais grupos moleculares, além de diferença entre o subtipo molecular SHH γ e os subtipos moleculares Grupo 3 α e Grupo 3 ß. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os demais grupos e subtipos. Em relação à mortalidade, esta revisão não demonstrou significância estatística na relação entre expressões baixas e elevadas desse gene e a mortalidade. Conclusão: Não há relação direta entre a expressão do receptor de membrana CD114 e a mortalidade em pacientes portadores de meduloblastoma. Entretanto, são necessários estudos adicionais sobre as vias de sinalização intracelulares associadas a esse receptor e ao seu gene, o CSF3R.

Introduction: Medulloblastomas are the most common solid tumors of childhood and classified into 4 molecular subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4. Many studies seek to develop new chemotherapy drugs for medulloblastomas by identifying genes whose expression is new molecular targets for drugs, such as membrane receptors associated with cell replication. Objective: To evaluate the association of CD114 expression with mortality in patients with medulloblastoma. Methods: Review carried out collecting information published on virtual platforms in Portuguese and English. Initially, a search was carried out for descriptors related to the topic - neurosurgery, surgical oncology, molecular targeted therapy and medulloblastoma, with AND or OR search, considering the title and/or summary. Afterwards, only those that were most related to the topic were included, and the texts read in full. Finally, 23 articles were referred. Results: There is a difference in the expression of the CD114 membrane receptor between Group 3 and the other molecular groups, in addition to a difference between the SHH γ molecular subtype and the Group 3 α and Group 3 ß molecular subtypes. There was no statistically significant difference between the other groups and subtypes. Regarding mortality, this review did not demonstrate statistical significance in the relationship between low and high expressions of this gene and mortality. Conclusion: There is no direct relationship between the expression of the CD114 membrane receptor and mortality in patients with medulloblastoma. However, additional studies are needed on the intracellular signaling pathways associated with this receptor and its gene, CSF3R.

[Surgical approaches to petroclival meningiomas Part 2: narrative review of what we learned with 30 cases]. / Abordajes quirúrgicos de los meningiomas petroclivales Parte 2: revisión narrativa y lo que aprendimos con 30 casos.

Background: The surgical ressection of petroclival meningiomas is challenging due to its deep location and relationship with vital neurovascular structures. Usually they are benign injuries, but they can involve or infiltrate skull base bones, dura mater and brainstem. This makes the total removing very difficult or impossible without causing neurological deficits. The objective of this study is to review the surgical approaches used on the treatment of petroclival meningiomas and the knowledge which we achieved upon the surgical management of 30 cases. Methods: Series of 30 petroclival meningioma-cases. In the beginning of our series we used petrous approach for all the cases, however, with the acquiring of experience, we are indicating the retrosigmoid approach, leaving the petrous and skull-orbito-zigomatics approaches for selected cases. Results: Owing to the difficulty of the access, the petroclival meningiomas usually require different surgical approaches and have distint surgical difficulties. There are three main approaches: fronto-orbito-zigomatics and variants; petrous and variants and retrosigmoid, and they can be combined. The choice for a surgical approach is usually on the location and size of the tumor, on the skull shape, the involvement of venous structures and according to the surgeon´s experience. Conclusion: Petroclival meningiomas are rare and complex on the skull base. The adequate choice is crucial to achieve the good surgical result.

[Surgical Approaches to Petroclival Meningiomas Part 1: Microsurgical Anatomy]. / Abordajes quirúrgicos de meningiomas petroclivales parte 1: anatomía microquirúrgica.

Background: Most petroclival meningiomas are benign tumors, but their neurosurgical treatment is one of the greatest challenges in this field. Acquiring a deep practical knowledge of brain anatomy is the first step on the path to successfully meeting this challenge. To this end, the present paper is divided into two parts. The first regards the microsurgical anatomy and surgical approaches used in the management of petroclival meningiomas. The second correlates the brain anatomies of the 30 cases of petroclival meningiomas which the senior author (GRI) has operated on. Methods: Eight cadaver heads were dissected using surgical microscopes at the University of Arkansas microsurgery laboratory. The heads were stabilized in a Mayfield device to simulate surgical conditions and colored silicon was injected to highlight the differences between arteries and veins. The approaches performed were: cranio-orbital zygomatic, posterior and anterior petrosectomy, and retrosigmoid. Results: Three main surgical approaches were chosen to treat petroclival meningiomas: the pterional approach and its variants, the petrous approach and its variants, and the retrosigmoid approach. To rationalize the choice of approach, the clivus was separated into superior, middle, and inferior thirds. Conclusion: Several surgical approaches are useful in accessing the petroclival region. Acquiring a practical knowledge of this anatomy in a microsurgical laboratory is fundamental for any surgeon who intends to operate on petroclival meningiomas.

Anatomy of the optic radiations from the white matter fiber dissection perspective: A literature review applied to practical anatomical dissection.

Background: Knowledge of the anatomical course of the optic radiations and its relationship to medial temporal lobe structures is of great relevance in preoperative planning for surgery involving the temporal lobe to prevent damage that may result in postsurgical visual field deficits. Methods: In this anatomical study, we reviewed the literature on this topic and applied the information to practical anatomical dissection. The three-dimensional relationship between the course of the optic radiations and structures accessed in the main microneurosurgical approaches to the medial temporal lobe was examined by applying Klingler's white matter fiber dissection technique to five formalin-fixed human brains. The dissections were performed with an operating microscope at magnifications of ×3-×40. High-resolution images were acquired during dissection for identification of the anatomical structures, focusing on the characterization of the course of the optic radiations in relation to medial temporal lobe structures. Results: In all five dissected brains, we could expose and clearly define the relationship between the optic radiations and medial temporal lobe structures, improving our understanding of these complex structures. Conclusion: The knowledge gained by studying these relationships will help neurosurgeons to develop risk-adjusted approaches to prevent damage to the optic radiations in the medial temporal region, which may result in a disabling visual field deficit.

Avoiding vascular complications in insular glioma surgery - A microsurgical anatomy study and critical reflections regarding intraoperative findings.

Introduction: Vascular lesions in insular glioma surgery can severely impact patients' quality of life. This study aims to present the results of our dissections and authors' reflections on the insular vascular anatomy. Matherials and Methods: The insular vascularization was examined using ×3 to ×40 magnification in 20 cadaveric cerebral hemispheres in which the arteries and veins had been perfused with colored silicone. Results: In insular gliomas, this individualization of the anatomical structures is rarely possible, as the gyri are swollen by the tumor and lose their individuality. In the transsylvian approaches, the anatomical parameters for delimiting the insula in tumors are best provided by the superior and inferior circular sulci. The branches of the MCA are easily identified in the transcortical approach, but only at the end of the surgery after the tumor is resected.). One of the factors under-discussed in the literature is the involvement of the lenticulostriate arteries by the medial part of the tumor. In our experience of 52 patients (article submitted to publishing), LSTa were founded to be involved by the tumor in 13 cases. In 39 patients, there was no involvement of the LSTa, which allowed a more aggressive resection. Early preoperative identification of the anterior perforated substance on the MRI and its proximity to the tumor may help determine the route of the LSTa over the medial tumor boundaries. Discussion: Our reflections introduced our imaging and anatomical concept regarding LSTa in insular glioma surgery. Accurate identification of origin, route, and distribution of the LSTa is pivotal to surgical success, especially in the lateral group. The anatomical knowledge of their path directly impacts the extent of tumor resection and functional preservation. Conclusion: Knowledge of microsurgical anatomy, brain mapping, and surgical experience counts a lot in this type of surgery, creating a reasonable procedure flowchart to be taken intraoperatively.

Anatomical aspects and technical note of a modified retropharyngeal approach and reconstruction of the anterior occipitocervical junction.

Surgery to expose the anterior occiptocervical junction (OCJ) is exacting, and optimal approaches are debatable. The close proximity of vital structures and difficult surgical access present a unique challenge to treat lesions in this area. Routine access to the upper anterior cervical spine remains limited. The authors present a modified retropharyngeal approach and instrumentation in order to resect an exceptionally rare atypical rhabdoid teratoid tumor involving the craniovertebral junction. The technical aspects of this approach in anatomical perspectives are discussed in this article.

INSULA GLIOMAS: CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TYPE OF APPROACH (TRANSYLVIAN X TRANSCORTICAL) WITH EXTENT OF RESECTION, MORBIDITY AND SURVIVAL / GLIOMAS DA ÍNSULA: CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE O TIPO DE ABORDAGEM (TRANSILVIANA X TRANSCORTICAL) COM EXTENSÃO DA RESSECÇÃO, MORBIDADE E SOBREVIDA

Background: Insula tumors are responsible for up to 25% of low-grade gliomas and 10% of high-grade gliomas. The insula has a complex anatomy, including an eloquent cortex and intimate contact with an arterial vascularization responsible supplying the motor and language systems. Using transsylvian and transcortical corridors for resect insular gliomas remains controversial, and the main concerns behind this are vascular injury during transsylvian dissection and functional impairment in transcortical access. Aim: Observe if there are differences in the extent of lesion resection, postoperative morbidity or survival between the two approaches. Method: 55 patients who underwent resection of insular gliomas by the senior author (GRI) were evaluated, and data related to sex, age at the time of surgical procedure, presence of refractory epilepsy, side of the lesion, pre- and postoperative tumor volumetry, Yasargil and Berger-Sanai classification, encasement of lenticulostriate arteries, neurological examination, and survival were collected. Results: Thirty-one patients (56.4%) underwent a transsylvian approach and 28 patients (43.6%) underwent a transcortical approach. The extent of resection (EOS)> 90% was 61.3% in the transsylvian group and 45.8% in the transcortical group (p = 0.385). The transsylvian approach was chosen for most of the Yasargil type 3 tumors. Late postoperative evaluations of the 2 groups were similar. Conclusions: The transsylvian and transcortical approaches do not present any significant difference in relation to the degree of resection (p = 0.385), survival (p = 0.204), or results in neurological deficits in the late postoperative period.

Racional: Os tumores da ínsula são responsáveis por até 25% dos gliomas de baixo grau e 10% dos de alto grau. A ínsula apresenta uma anatomia complexa, incluindo um córtex eloquente e íntimo contato com uma vascularização responsável pelo suprimento arterial para o sistema motor e de linguagem. A escolha de corredores transsilviano ou transcortical para ressecção de gliomas insulares permanece controversa, e as principais preocupações são a lesão vascular durante a dissecção transilviana e o comprometimento funcional no acesso transcortical. Objetivo: Comparar se há diferença entre a extensão da ressecção da lesão, a morbidade pós operatória ou sobrevida entre as duas abordagens. Método: Foram avaliados 55 pacientes submetidos à ressecção de gliomas insulares e extraídos os dados referentes ao sexo, idade na data do procedimento cirúrgico, presença de 2 epilepsia refratária no pré-operatório, lado da lesão, o volume da lesão em cm3 , calculados a partir da RM encefálica pré-operatória, classificação dos tumores insulares, a técnica cirúrgica utilizada, monitorização intraoperatória, grau histológico obtido através do exame anatomopatológico, extensão da ressecção cirúrgica no pósoperatório, exame neurológico no pré-operatório, pós-operatório tardio, avaliado em 6 meses, além do seguimento evolutivo até dezembro de 2020. Resultados: Foram analisados dados de 55 pacientes com gliomas insulares de baixo ou alto grau. Trinta e um pacientes (56,4%) foram submetidos a abordagem transilviana, e 28 pacientes (43,6%) a abordagem transcortical. A extensão da ressecção (EOR) > 90% foi de 61,3% no grupo transsilviano e 45,8% no grupo transcortical (p = 0,385). A avaliação pós-operatória tardia para os 2 grupos foi semelhantes. No geral, 8 pacientes (25,8%) no grupo transsilviano e 5 pacientes (20,8%) no grupo transcortical apresentou déficit neurológico persistente no pós- operatório tardio. A sobrevida em 24 meses é de 81,3% no grupo transcortical e 92% no transcortical. Conclusões: A abordagem transilviana e transcortical não apresentam diferença significativa em relação ao grau de ressecção (p=0,385), na sobrevida (p=0,204) e na presença de déficit no pósoperatório tardio.

The Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA): An Anatomical and Clinical Analysis.

AIM: To study the operative approaches for posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms or understanding the different pathologies that can affect this artery, and to present detailed knowledge of this artery?s anatomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study analyzed the different variations of the PICA?s first two segments, the anterior medullary and lateral medullary segments, regarding the number of trunks, their emergency site, and the presence or absence of hypoplasia of this artery, through microsurgical dissection of 23 fresh cadaver brains. RESULTS: Some striking variations were found, such as the absence of the left vertebral artery in one of the brains and the emergence of any PICA in another two brains studied. Moreover, variations such as hypoplastic arteries, missing trunks on one side and double or triple trunks, different emergence sites, significant PICA emergence from the superior part of the vertebral artery (59% of the trunks), and asymmetries between the right and left sides were recorded. The double origins of non-hypoplastic PICAs were found in 17% (n = 4) of patients. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in the present study indicated the great importance of the studies and reviews on the different topographies of PICA; these studies and reviews expand the knowledge and consensus on the characteristics and implications of PICA?s variations. The clinical implication of this knowledge and consensus is obtaining the best surgical strategies for clipping aneurysms and, in addition, the best choices for occlusion of the vessel affected if the territory of the main vessel has an adequate collateral circulation. From the results of the present study, it is evident that there was a significant PICA emergence from the superior part of the vertebral artery and that the double origin of non-hypoplastic trunks was also found in some patients; the latter is associated with a greater chance of aneurysms and other additional complications.

Image-guided Temporal Bone Dissection Course.

Introduction Temporal bone anatomy is complex and demands a profound anatomical knowledge. Association between surgery and imaging helps in the process of learning three-dimensional (3D) anatomy and surgical techniques. High definition temporal bone imaging can play an important role in dissection training. Objective To describe a computed tomography (CT) image-guided temporal bone dissection course for surgical training in otolaryngology and to verify the satisfaction level of the students with the course. Methods Descriptive research. The course took place at a research laboratory, with three experienced temporal bone surgeons. The participants were 12 otolaryngology residents. The laboratory has 7 modern workstations with microscope and monitors linked with a computerized video system. Cadaveric temporal bones were donated to the university. Imaging acquisition of the cadaveric temporal bones used in the course was performed in a multislice CT scanner. The CT images of cadaveric temporal bones were available with real-time access on the laboratory monitor's screens during dissections. Results A total of 13 temporal bones were included for dissection. Students had the opportunity to view on the same screen, simultaneously, both the dissection video and the respective CT images of their temporal bone anatomical specimens. This allowed correlating surgical and imaging aspects of temporal bone anatomy. At the end of the course, participants answered a satisfaction survey. Conclusion Considering imaging methods are routinely used during most otologic surgeries, detailed knowledge of CT imaging should be explored in conjunction with the temporal bone anatomical dissection.

Vascularization of the uncus - Anatomical study and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this paper was to describe the arterial supply of the uncus and quantify the branches directed to the anteromedial aspect of the human temporal cortex. METHODS: We studied 150 human cerebral hemispheres identifying main afferent arteries supplying the anteromedial temporal cortex with particular attention to the uncus, determining the territory supplied by each artery through either cortical or perforating branches. RESULTS: The uncus was supplied by 419 branches of the anterior choroidal artery (AChA), 210 branches of the internal carotid artery (ICA), 353 branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and 122 branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA). The total of supplying vessels was 1104 among the 150 hemispheres studied, which corresponds to 7.36 arteries per uncus. The average of branches per hemisphere was as follows: 2.79 from AChA, 1.40 from ICA, 2.35 from MCA, and 0.81 from PCA. The relative contribution of each artery for the total of specimens studied was as follows: 38% from AChA, 19% from ICA, 32% from the MCA, and 11% from the PCA. We identified cortical anastomoses mostly between the MCA and PCA (27 cases). CONCLUSION: We described and quantified the uncus' vascularization, including anatomical variations. This updated, detailed description of the mesial temporal vascularization is paramount to improve the treatment of neurosurgical conditions.